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(On Josephus' bias) (On Mark) (On the Preterit tense in the Gospel of Thomas) (On historic views of the "fulfillment" of Amos 8:9) "Those, moreover, who said [in Amos 8:9-10ab], "On that day, says the Lord God, plainly announced that obscuration of the sun which at the time of Hir crucifixion took place from the sixth hour onwards, and that after this event, those days which were their festivals according to the law, and their songs, should be changed into grief and lamentation when they were handed over to the Gentiles [=Romans]." (Against Heresies 4.33.12; Roberts et al., 1.510) Not only is the "darkness" fulfilled at the death of Jesus, but the "mourning" is fulfilled at the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans. The second example is from Tertullian of Carthage in Roman Africa, and it has the same double fulfillment, but now Amos's darkness at noon is intertwined with the darkness at Passover from Exodus:
For that you would do thus at the beginning of the first month of your new (years) even Moses prophecied, when he was foretelling that all the community of the sons of Israel were to immolate at eventide a lamb, and were to eat this solemn sacrifice of this day (that is, of the passover of unleavened bread) "with bitterness"; and added that "it is the passover of the Lord".. that is, the passion of Christ. Which prediction was thus also fulfilled, that "on the first day of unleavened bread" you slew Christ; and (that the prophecies might be fulfilled) the day hastened to an eventide, that is, to cause darkness, which was made at mid-day; and thus [in Amos 8:10a]
For after the passion of Christ there overtook you even captivity and dispersion, predicted before through the Holy Spirit. (An Answer to the Jews 10; Roberts et al 3.167; my italics). Does your head spin a little and your eyes glaze over in following that last argument? It is very difficult to read such scholarly exegesis, but that is what passion prophecy looked like before and continued to look like after it had been turned into passion narrative for a more popular audience. Exegesis is for experts, story is for everyone."
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